RGPV / RGTU B. PHARMACY PHARMACEUTICS-II(PHYSICAL PHARMACY ) PY-202 SYLLABUS
UNIT-I
Micromeritics and Powder Rheology: Introduction, Particle size and size distribution: Average particle size, particle size distribution, number and weight distribution, particle number; Methods for determination particle size: optical microscopy, sieving, sedimentation; introduction to latest technique in particle analysis Particle volume measurement; Particle shape and surface area: particle shape, specific surface; Methods for determining surface area: adsorption method, air permeability method, pore size; Derived properties of powders: Porosity,
packing arrangement, densities of powder, bulkiness and flow properties, Compaction: Compressed tablet, Pharmaceutical application.
UNIT-II
Solubility and Distribution Phenomenon: General principles: the phase rule, solubility expressions; Solvent-solute interaction: polar solvents, non polar solvents, semipolar solvents; Solubility of gases in liquids: Effect of pressure, temperature, salting out, effect of chemical reaction; Solubility of liquids in
liquids: Ideal and real solution, complete miscibility, partial miscibility, influence of foreign substance, three component systems, dielectric constant and solubility, molecular connectivity, molecular surface are and solubility; Solubility of solids in liquids: Ideal solutions, Phase diagrams and the ideal solubility equation,non-ideal solution, extended Hildebrand solubility approach, salvation and association in solutions of polar compounds, solubility and the heat of solution, solubility of strong electrolytes, solubility of slightly soluble electrolytes, solubility of weak electrolyte, the influence of solvents on the solubility of drugs, combined effect of pH and solvents, influence of surfactants; influence of hydrotropic agents on solubility of drugs. Distribution of solutes between immiscible solvents.
UNIT-III
Surface and Interfacial Phenomenon: Liquid interfaces: surface and interfacial tensions, surface free energy. Measurement of surface and interfacial tensions: Capillary rise method, The DuNouy Ring Method. Adsorption at liquid interfaces: surface active agents, Systems of Hydrophile - Lipofile classification, Type of mono-layers at liquid interfaces. Adsorption at solid interface, the solid-gas interface, the solid-liquid interface, Activated Charcoal, Wetting, Application of surface-active agents, Electric properties of interfaces.
UNIT-IV
Diffusion and Dissolution: Concept of diffusion, Study state diffusion: Fick’s first law, Fick’s second law, study state, Procedure and apparatus. Dissolution: dissolution rate, dissolution of tablets, capsules and granules, Powder Dissolution: The Hixson-Crowell cube Root Law. Drug release: Drugs in polymer matrices, release from granular matrices, multilayer diffusion, membrane control and diffusion layer control phenomenon, diffusion principle in biological system.
UNIT-V
Viscosity and Rheology: Newtonian Systems: Newton’s Law of flow; kinematics viscosity; Temperature dependence and theory of viscosity. Non-Newtonian Systems: plastic flow, pseudoplastic and dilatant flow. Thixotropy: measurement thixotropy, Bulges and spurs, Negative thixotropy, Thixotropy in formulations. Determination of Rheologic properties: choice of viscometer, Capillary viscometer, Falling sphere viscometer, Cup and bob viscometer, Cone and plate Viscometer, Pharmaceutical application of Rheology.
UNIT-VI
Complexation and protein binding: Classification of complexes, methods of preparation and analysis, Pharmaceutical applications. Protien binding: Binding equilibria, equilibrium dialysis and ultrafilration, dyanamic dialysis, hydrophobic interaction, self-association, factors affecting complexation and protein binding.
UNIT-VII
Buffered and isotonic solutions: The buffer equation: Common Ion Effect and the Buffer Equation for a weak Acid and its slat, The buffer equation for a weak base and its salt. Factors influencing the pH of buffer solutions. Buffer capacity: Calculation of buffer capacity. Buffer in pharmaceutical systems and biologic system: In vivo biologic buffer systems, Pharmaceutical buffers, influence of buffer capacity and pH on Tissue Irritation, pH and Solubility. Buffered isotonic solutions: Measurement of tonicity, tonicity calculations, Methods of adjusting
isotonicity and pH.
UNIT-VIII
Colloids: Introduction to the dispersed System, Types of colloidal systems, Optical properties of the colloids, kinetic properties of the colloids, electrical properties of the colloids, Solubilization, Pharmaceutical application of the colloids, advanced thermodynamics of Micellization.
UNIT-IX
Coarse Dispersion: Suspension: Interfacial properties of suspended particles, Settling in suspensions: theory of sedimentation, effect of Brownian Movement, Sedimentation of flocculated particles, Sedimentation parameters. Formulation of suspensions: Wetting of particles, Controlled flocculation, Flocculation in Structured Vehicles, Rheologic consideration, Preparation of suspensions, Physical stability of suspensions. Emulsions: Emulsion types, Pharmaceutical applications, Theories of emulsification, Physical stability of emulsions,
Preservation of emulsions, Rheologic properties of emulsions. Semi-solids: Gels, Syneresis and swelling, Classification of Pharmaceutical semisolids, Hydrophilic properties of Semisolids, Rheologic properties of semisolids, Universe of Topical Medications. Drug Kinetics in Coarse disperse system, Drug Diffusion in Coarse Disperse Systems.
packing arrangement, densities of powder, bulkiness and flow properties, Compaction: Compressed tablet, Pharmaceutical application.
UNIT-II
Solubility and Distribution Phenomenon: General principles: the phase rule, solubility expressions; Solvent-solute interaction: polar solvents, non polar solvents, semipolar solvents; Solubility of gases in liquids: Effect of pressure, temperature, salting out, effect of chemical reaction; Solubility of liquids in
liquids: Ideal and real solution, complete miscibility, partial miscibility, influence of foreign substance, three component systems, dielectric constant and solubility, molecular connectivity, molecular surface are and solubility; Solubility of solids in liquids: Ideal solutions, Phase diagrams and the ideal solubility equation,non-ideal solution, extended Hildebrand solubility approach, salvation and association in solutions of polar compounds, solubility and the heat of solution, solubility of strong electrolytes, solubility of slightly soluble electrolytes, solubility of weak electrolyte, the influence of solvents on the solubility of drugs, combined effect of pH and solvents, influence of surfactants; influence of hydrotropic agents on solubility of drugs. Distribution of solutes between immiscible solvents.
UNIT-III
Surface and Interfacial Phenomenon: Liquid interfaces: surface and interfacial tensions, surface free energy. Measurement of surface and interfacial tensions: Capillary rise method, The DuNouy Ring Method. Adsorption at liquid interfaces: surface active agents, Systems of Hydrophile - Lipofile classification, Type of mono-layers at liquid interfaces. Adsorption at solid interface, the solid-gas interface, the solid-liquid interface, Activated Charcoal, Wetting, Application of surface-active agents, Electric properties of interfaces.
UNIT-IV
Diffusion and Dissolution: Concept of diffusion, Study state diffusion: Fick’s first law, Fick’s second law, study state, Procedure and apparatus. Dissolution: dissolution rate, dissolution of tablets, capsules and granules, Powder Dissolution: The Hixson-Crowell cube Root Law. Drug release: Drugs in polymer matrices, release from granular matrices, multilayer diffusion, membrane control and diffusion layer control phenomenon, diffusion principle in biological system.
UNIT-V
Viscosity and Rheology: Newtonian Systems: Newton’s Law of flow; kinematics viscosity; Temperature dependence and theory of viscosity. Non-Newtonian Systems: plastic flow, pseudoplastic and dilatant flow. Thixotropy: measurement thixotropy, Bulges and spurs, Negative thixotropy, Thixotropy in formulations. Determination of Rheologic properties: choice of viscometer, Capillary viscometer, Falling sphere viscometer, Cup and bob viscometer, Cone and plate Viscometer, Pharmaceutical application of Rheology.
UNIT-VI
Complexation and protein binding: Classification of complexes, methods of preparation and analysis, Pharmaceutical applications. Protien binding: Binding equilibria, equilibrium dialysis and ultrafilration, dyanamic dialysis, hydrophobic interaction, self-association, factors affecting complexation and protein binding.
UNIT-VII
Buffered and isotonic solutions: The buffer equation: Common Ion Effect and the Buffer Equation for a weak Acid and its slat, The buffer equation for a weak base and its salt. Factors influencing the pH of buffer solutions. Buffer capacity: Calculation of buffer capacity. Buffer in pharmaceutical systems and biologic system: In vivo biologic buffer systems, Pharmaceutical buffers, influence of buffer capacity and pH on Tissue Irritation, pH and Solubility. Buffered isotonic solutions: Measurement of tonicity, tonicity calculations, Methods of adjusting
isotonicity and pH.
UNIT-VIII
Colloids: Introduction to the dispersed System, Types of colloidal systems, Optical properties of the colloids, kinetic properties of the colloids, electrical properties of the colloids, Solubilization, Pharmaceutical application of the colloids, advanced thermodynamics of Micellization.
UNIT-IX
Coarse Dispersion: Suspension: Interfacial properties of suspended particles, Settling in suspensions: theory of sedimentation, effect of Brownian Movement, Sedimentation of flocculated particles, Sedimentation parameters. Formulation of suspensions: Wetting of particles, Controlled flocculation, Flocculation in Structured Vehicles, Rheologic consideration, Preparation of suspensions, Physical stability of suspensions. Emulsions: Emulsion types, Pharmaceutical applications, Theories of emulsification, Physical stability of emulsions,
Preservation of emulsions, Rheologic properties of emulsions. Semi-solids: Gels, Syneresis and swelling, Classification of Pharmaceutical semisolids, Hydrophilic properties of Semisolids, Rheologic properties of semisolids, Universe of Topical Medications. Drug Kinetics in Coarse disperse system, Drug Diffusion in Coarse Disperse Systems.
LIST OF PRACTICALS:
(Minimum fifteen experiments should be performed in the semester. Student should aware with safety parameters and handling of chemicals related to following experiments)
1. Determine the particle size and particle size distribution in the given sample of powder by optical microscopy.
2. Determine particle size distribution of the given granules by sieving method.
3. Determine the following derived properties of the given powdered sample
(a) Flow property (b) Bulk density (c) Granule density
(d) True density (e) Porosity (f) Carr’s Index
(g) hussnor’s retio
4. Determine the surface tension of the given sample by drop count and drop weight Method.
5. Determine the Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) of the given surfactant by Surface tension method.
6. Determine partition coefficient of the given drug between benzene and water or octanol and water system
7. Plot phase diagram of phenol-water system
8. Determine the effect of salt on the solubility of given drug.
9. Determine the percent composition of an unknown solution of glycerin in water using Ostwald’s viscometer
10. Study the effect of shear rate on the flow of 1% methyl cellulose solution.
11. Formulate suspension of the given drug and evaluate it for sedimentation parameters.
12. Study the effect of thickening agent concentration on the sedimentation of the suspension of the given drug.
13. Prepare acetate buffer and compare theoretical pH value with the experimental value.
14. Determine the viscosity of the following Newtonian and Non-Newtonian system
(a) Water (b) Simple syrup I.P.
(c) Diclofenac gel (d) Tooth paste
15. Determine the HLB value of the given surfactant
16. Evaluate the given sample of emulsion on the following parameters
(a) Type of emulsion (b) Globule size distribution
(c) Physical stability (d) Viscosity
17. Determine the optimum concentration of Bentonite required for the maximum physical stability of calamine lotion.
18. To observe the effect of hydrotropic agent sodium citrate on the solubility of salicylic acid.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Lachman, L., Lieberman, H.A. and Kanig, J.L.,The Theory and Pratice of Industrial Pharmacy, Lea and Philadelphia.
2. Allen, L.V., Popovich, N.G., Ansel, H.C., Ansel’s Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
3. Banker G.S. and Rhode C.T., Modern Pharmaceutics, Marcell Decker Inc., New York.
4. Aulton, M.E., Pharmaceutics The Science of Dosage Form Design, Churchill Livingstone, London.
5. Carter, S.J., Cooper and Gunn’s Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.
6. Martin A., Physical Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
7. Gennaro, A.R., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
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