PY-806 PROFESSIONAL TRAINING SYLLABUS

There will be a 4 week professional training or industrial training schdule . at the end of the semester a Proffessional training report submit at the time of practical.there is no theory papers

PY-805 ELECTIVE SYLLABUS PY 8101 PACAKAGING TECHNOLOGY

RGPV B. PHARMACY ELECTIVE PY-805 SYLLABUS

PY 8101  PACAKAGING TECHNOLOGY

• New concepts in pharmaceutical packaging.

• Package system, package design research.

• Packaging materials with special reference to polymers, metals glass and plastics, control of packaging materials.Blister and Strip packaging.

• Testing of containers and closures, Pharmacopoeial tests and specifications.

• Defects in Packages.

• Stability of packages and packaging materials.

• Ancillary materials used in packaging.

• Sterlization of pacakaging materilas.

• Packaging of parenterals, ophthalmics and aerosols.

• Corrugated fiberboard materials, label and leaflets preparation.

• Legal requirement.

PY 8102 FOOD TECHNOLOGY: 

Syllabus to be prepared.

PY 8103 PERFUMES AND COLOURS

 

Sources and method of extraction / preparation of essential oils, flower oils, Gums, Oleoresins, Oleogum resins and Balsams.

• Isolation, Properties and Uses of –Eugenol, Pinene, Linalool, Citral and Geraniol. Deodorization of Ethanol.

• Fixatives-Sources, classification, chemical composition, selection and uses of fixatives.

• Flavoures –Sources and properties of Vanila, Rose, Pineapple, Peppermint, Mango, Raspberry, Orange and Lemon.

• Building of perfumes: Formulation of perfumes, from synthetic substance, sources, composition and properties of Lavender, Rose,Jasmin, Violet, Orris, Cypre, Amber, Carnation, Muguet, Liliac, Acacia, cassia, Narcisssus, Kewra. Incorporation of perfumes incosmetic products lioke creams, lotions, powders, Hair preparations, Nail preparataions, Tooth pastes, Toilet Soaps, BabyPreparations, Lip and other preparations.

• Packaging: Packaging of perfumes including special emphasis on aerosol products.

• Colours, Pigments, Dyes-Classification, uses and preparation of colours solutions/ dispersions incorporations. Detection of colours.

PY 8104 COMMUNITY PHARMACY 

Syllabus to be prepared.

PY 8105 CLINICAL PHARMACY

Syllabus to be prepared.

PY 8106 INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY

Syllabus to be prepared.

PY-804 PHARMACOLOGY –IV (CLINICAL PHARMACY AND DRUG INTERACTIONS) SYLLABUS

RGPV B. PHARMACY PHARMACOLOGY –IV (CLINICAL PHARMACY AND DRUG INTERACTIONS) PY-804 SYLLABUS

Chemotherapy –

•  General principles of chemotherapy

•  Sulfonamides and co-trimaxazole

•  Antibiotics-Penicillin, Cephalosporins, Betalactums tetracyclines, Aminoglycosides, Choloramphenicol, Erythomycin,Quinolones and Miscellaneous antibiotics.

• Chemotherapy of tuberculosis, leprosy, fungal diastase, viral diseases, urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases

• Chemotherapy of malignancy and immunosuppressive agents

• Anti malarials and Anti diarrhoeal 

Basic Concepts of Pharmacotherapya) 

• Clinical Pharmacokinetics Individualization of Drug Therapy.

•  Drug Use During Infancy and in the Elderly ( Paediatrics and Geriatrics)

• Drug use druring Pregnancy.

• Drug induced disease.

• The Basics of Drug interactions.

• General principles of clinical laboratory tests.

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Concept of essential Drugs and Drug Use, Drug abuse.

Principles of Toxiclogy

• Detination of Poison, general principles of treatment of poisoning particular reference of barbiturates, Opoids,Organophosphorylation and Atropine poisoing.

• Heavy metals and heavy metal antagonists.

To study different screecring methods using various behavioral models

Books recommended
1. Herfindal, E.T. and Hirschman, J.L., Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, William and Wilkins.
2. Katzung, B.G., Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Prentice Hall International.
3. Laurence, D.R. and Bennet, P.N., Clinical Pharmacology, Churchill Livingstone.

PY-803 PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS-III SYLLABUS

RGPV B. PHARMACY PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS-III PY-803 SYLLABUS

UNIT-I

Doasage forms evaluation as per monograph with special reference to I.P.Development of new analytical methods.

UNIT-II
Concepts in validation, validation of manufacturing and analytical equipment, validation of analytical procedures.
Documentation: Protocols, forms and maintainance of records in pharmaceutical industries, preparation of documents for new drug approval and export registration to United States, United Kingdom, Europe and Africa.Patent processing and its appcations.

UNIT-III
Requirement of GLP, ISO 9000, WHO and U.S. F.D.A.

UNIT-IV
Basic concept of quality assurance, quality assurance system, sources and control of quality variation.In-process quality control tests, IPQC problems in Pharmaceutical Industries, Total quality management.

UNIT-V
Sampling plans, sampling and operating characterictics curves,Interpretation of analytical data.
Regulatory control, regulatory drug analysis.

VIII-P-3 PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS –III PRACTICALS

Evaluation of dosage formulations as per I.P. monographs. Experiments based on theory.

Books Recommended
1. Willing, S. H., IV, Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceuticals, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
2. Loftus, B. T. and Nash R., Pharmaceutical Process Validation, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
3. Svehla, G. Vogel’s Text Book of Micro and Semi Micro Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, Orient Longman, Hyderabad.
4. Beckett, A.H. and Stenlake, J.B., Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Athlone Press of the University of London.
5. Pharmacopoeia Of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi.

PY-802 PHARMACEUTICS XII (BIOPHARMACEUTICS AND PHARMACOKINETICS) SYLLABUS

RGPV B. PHARMACY PHARMACEUTICS XII (BIOPHARMACEUTICS AND PHARMACOKINETICS) PY-802 SYLLABUS

 

UNIT-I

Introduction to biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics development and their role in drug formulation.Biopharmaceutics

UNIT-II
Definition, passage of drugs across biological barrier, Physiochemical, Biological and Pharmacaceutical factors influencing biopharmaceutical performance of drugs.
1. Gastrointestinal absorption of drugs: Passage of drugs across biological membranes, nature of biological membranes, gastrointestinal absorption mechanisms.
2. Factors affecting drug absorption: Physiological factors, dietary factors, physicochemical factors, pH partition hypothesis, dosage form factors.
3. Methods of studying gastrointestinal absorption: In vitro and in vivo methods.
4. Drug disposition: Distribution in blood, cellular distribution, plasma protein binding, tissue protein binding.Drug Excretion: Routes of drug excretion, renal excretion of drugs, factors affecting renal excretion, biliary and salivary excretionof drugs.

UNIT-III
Drug biotransformation : Pathways of drug metabolism, drug metabolizing enzymes, factors affecting drug metabolism and drugresponse, inhibition and stimulation of drug metabolism.
PharmacokineticsAbsorbtion, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs, fluid compartment and circulatory system, protien binding,significance of plasma drug concentration measurement.Compartment Models

UNIT-IV
Model selection criteria, alaika information criterion, one-compartment and two-compartment models, Wagner-Nelson and looRiegelman methods for estimation of absorption constants. Curve fittings, regression procedure and area under blood level curves.
Clinical Pharmacokinetics.Urinary excretions, computation of pharmacokinetic parameters from urine data, haepetic clearance, biliary excretion, excretion ratio, dosage regimen adjustment in patients with and without renal failure, pharmacokinetic drug interactions and theirsignificance in combination therapy.

UNIT-V
Bioavailability and Bioequivalance:Bioavailability and Bio-equivalance, Federal requirements, Methods of determination of bioavailability using blood level and urinary excretion data, design and evaluations, bioavailability assessment.

VIII-P-2-PHARMACEUTICS-XII PRACTICALS
(BIOPHARMACEUTICS AND PHARMACOKINETICS)

Experiments based on theory.Statistical treatment of pharmaceutical data.

Books recommended
1. Gibaldi, M. and Perrier d, Pharmacokinetics, Marcel Decker, New York.
2. Notari, R.E., Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics-An Introduction, Marcel Decker, New York.
3. Jaiswal , Brahmankar

PY-801 PHARMACEUTICS –XI (PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY – II) SYLLABUS

RGPV B. PHARMACY PHARMACEUTICS –XI (PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY – II) PY-801 SYLLABUS

UNIT-I
Design, development, formulation and evaluation of controlled release formulations. Carriers for drug delivery systems, Prodrugs.

UNIT-II
Microencapsulation: Theory, methods, technology and applications. 

UNIT-III
Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: Theory, formulation and evaluation.

UNIT-IV
Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Concept of drug targetting, importance in therapeutics, methods in drug targeting, Nanoparticles, Liposomes, Resealed Erythrocytes etc.

UNIT-V
Implants and Inserts: Types, design and evaluation, Osmotic pump.Packaginging of Pharmaceutical Products and Cosmetics: Packaging components, types, specifications and methods of evaluation,stability aspects of packaging, packaging equipment, factors influencing choice of containers, legal and other official requirements for containers, Packaging testing.

VIII-P-1 PHARMACEUTICS-XI PRACTICALS
(PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY II)

Formulations, evaluations and stability testing of preparations concerning dosage forms mentioned in theory.

Books Recommended
1. Rawlins, E.A., Text Book Of Pharmaceutics, Bailliere Tindall.
2. Lachman, L. , Liberman, H.A. and Kanig, J.L.,The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.
3. Liberman, H.A., lachman, L. and Ker Inc. New York.
4. Pharmacopoeia Of India, Ministry of Health and family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
5. Avis, K.E., Lachman, L. and Liberman, H.A., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms-Parenteral Medication Vol.1-2, Marcel Decker
Inc., New York.
6. Banker G.S. and Rhode C.T., Modern Pharmaceutics, Marcell Decker Inc., New York.
7. Bean, H.S., Beckeet, A.H. and Carless, A.H., Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol.1-4, Academic Press, London.

RGPV / RGTU B PHARMA PY-405 PHARMACOLOGY-I ( THEORY )

RGPV / RGTU B. PHARMACY PHARMACOLOGY- I (THEORY)  – PY 405  SYLLABUS

 

UNIT-I

General PharmacologY:Introduction to pharmacology, sources of drugs, dosage forms and routes ofadministration, mechanism of action, combined effects of drugs, factors modifying drug action, tolerance and dependence, pharmacogenetics . 

Absorption, distribution and excretion of drugs, principle of basic and clinical pharmacokinetics adverse drug reactions and treatment of poisoning, ADME drug interaction, bioassay of drugs and biological standardization, discovery and development of new drugs. Introduction to clinical trials.

UNIT-II

Pharmacology of Peripheral Nervous System:Neurohumoral transmission (autonomous and somatic) 

Parasympathomimetic, parasympatholytic, sympathomimetics, sympatholytics,
neuron blocking agents.Neuromuscular blocking agents .Local anaesthetic agents

 

UNIT-III

Autocoids:Histamine, bradykinin 5- HT and their antagonists.Prostaglandins, leukotrienes and platelet activating factors.

 

UNIT-IV

Analgesic, Antipyretic, Anti-inflammatory and Anti-Gout Drugs: Drugs acting on Respiratory System and Pathophysiology of respiratory system:
a. Anti-asthmatic drugs including bronchodilators
b. Anti-tussives and expectorants

List of practicals:
1. Introduction to Experimental Pharmacology and various regulatory authorities.
2. Study of common laboratory animals and anesthetics used in animal studies.
3. Study of various routes of drug administration in experimental animals.
4. Preparation of various physiological salt solution and set up of isolated rat ileum preparation.
5. Study the effects of various agonists and antagonists on isolated rat ileum preparation.
6. Plot dose response curve of choline using isolated gunea pig ileum preparation.
7. Plot dose response curve of histamine using isolated guinea pig ileum preparation.
8. Study the effect of autonomic drugs mydriatic and miotic on rabbit eye.
9. Study the effect of local anesthetics on rabbit eye.
10. Study the peripheral analgesic activity of indomethacin using writhing test on mice.
11. Study anti- inflammatory activity of indomethacin using rat paw edema paradigm.
12. Study the neuromuscular effect of d-tubocurarine/ succinyl choline using rotarod apparatus.

Books Recommended
1. Satoskar, R.S. and Bhandarkar, S.D., Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics.
2. Tripathi, K.D., Essentials of Medical Pharmcology.
3. Kulkarni, S.K., Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi.
4. Crossland, J and Thomson, J.H., Essential of Pharmacology, Harper and Row,
Publishers, New York.
5. Craig, C.R. and Stitzel, R.R., Modern Pharmacology, Little Brown and Company.
6. Rang, M.P. , Dale, M.M. and Riter, J.M., Pharmacology, Churchill Livingstone.
7. Paul, L., Principles of Pharmacology, Chamman and Hall.
8. Herfindal, E.T. and Hirschman, J.L., Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics,William and Wilkins.
9. Katzung, B.G., Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Prentice Hall International.
10. Hardmen, J.G., Limbired, L.E., Molinoss, P.B., Ruddon, R.W. and Gil, A.G., Goodman and Gillman’s The Pharmacological basis of Therapeutics, Pergamon Press.
11. Satoskar, R.S. and Bhandarkar, S.D., Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics.
12. Tripathi, K.D., Essentials of Medical Pharmcology.
13. Kulkarni, S.K., Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi.
14. Crossland, J and Thomson, J.H., Essential of Pharmacology, Harper and Row, Publishers, New York.
15. Craig, C.R. and Stitzel, R.R., Modern Pharmacology, Little Brown and Company.
16. Rang, M.P. , Dale, M.M. and Riter, J.M., Pharmacology, Churchill Livingstone.
17. Paul, L., Principles of Pharmacology, Chamman and Hall.
18. Herfindal, E.T. and Hirschman, J.L., Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, William
and Wilkins. Katzung, B.G., Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Prentice Hall International.

RGPV / RGTU B PHARMA PY-404 PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY ( BIO-CHEMISTRY )

RGPV / RGTU B. PHARMACY PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY(BIOCHEMISTRY)

– PY 404  SYLLABUS

UNIT-I

Biochemical organization of the cell and transport processes across cell membrane.
The concept of free energy, determination of charges in free energy system from
equilibrium constant and reduction potential, bioenergetics, production of ATP and its
biological significance.Structure and Functions of Proteins: Amino acids and Peptides, Determination of Primary structure and higher orders of structure.
Enzymes: Nomenclature Kinetics ans its Mechanism of action,Mechanism of Inhibition,Iso enzymes, enzymes in technical diagnosis.
Co-enzymes: Metals as coenzymes and their significance and Vitamins as coenzymes and their significance.

UNIT-II
Carbohydrate Metabolism:Conversion of Polysaccharide to Glucose 1-Phosphate, Glycolysis and Fermentation and their regulation, Gluconeogenesis and Glycogenolysis, metabolism of galactose and galactosemia, role of sugar nucleotide in biosynthesis, pentosephosphate pathway.

UNIT-III
The Citric acid cycle: The significance, reaction and energetics of cycle, amphibolic role of cycle, Glyoxalic Acid Cycle.
Lipid Metabolism:Oxidation of fatty acids, Beta Oxidation and energetic, alpha oxidation,omega oxidation, Biosynthesis of Ketone bodies and their utilisation, Biosynthesis of saturated andunsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoids, phospholipids, sphingolipids. 

UNIT-IV
Biological oxidation: Redox Potential, enzymes and co-enzymes involved in oxidation reduction and its control. The respiratory chain, its role in energy capture and its control, energetic of oxidative phosphorylation, inhibitors of respiratory chain and oxidative phosphyrlation, mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation. Nitrogen & Sulphur Cycle: Nitrogen fixation, ammonia assimilation, sulphur activation, sulphate reduction, incorporation of sulphur in organic compounds, release of sulphur from organic compounds

UNIT-V
Metabolism of Ammonia and Nitrogen Containing monomers: Nitrogen balance, biosynthesis of amino acids, catabolism of amino acids, conversion of amino acids to specialized products, assimilation of ammonia , urea cycle, metabolic disorders of urea cycle, metabolism biosynthesis, formation of bile pigment, hyperbilirubinemia, purine biosynthesis, purine nucleotide interconversion, pyrimidine biosynthesis, and formation of de oxyribonucleotides. Disorders of Carbohydrate, Lipid and Protein Metabolism:
Biomedical Importance and Implications in Clinical Biochemistry. Diagnostic tests for
detection of metabolic disorders.
Bio synthesis of nucleic Acids: Brief introduction to genetic organiZation, organisation of mammalian genome, alteration and rearrangement of genetic material, biosynthesis of DNA and its replication, mutation, physical and chemical mutagenesis/ carcinogenesis, DNA repair mechanism, bio synthesis of RNA.
Genetic code and Protein synthesis: Genetic code, Components of protein synthesis and inhibition of protein synthesis. Brief account of genetic engineering and polymerase chain reactions. Regulation of gene expression. 

LIST OF PRACTICALS
1. Qualitative and Quantitative chemical examination of Urine ,Blood and Faeces.
2. Food Analysis – Analysis of Milk ,Butter, Flour, Honey and Starch.
3. Systemic analysis of water for pharmaceutical purpose.
4.Seperation of amino acids by two dimensional paper chromatography & gel electrophoresis.
5. Seperation of lipids by TLC.
6. Seperation of Serum protiens by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate.
7. Quantitative estimation of amino acids and proteins.
8. Determination of glucose.
9. Isolation and determination of RNA and DNA.

Books Recommended
1. Martin, D.W., Mays, P.A. and Redwell, V.M., Harper’s Review of Biochemistry, Lange medical Publication.
2. Horrow, B. and Mazur, A., Text book of biochemistry, W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia.
3. Lehninger, A.L., Principles of Biochemistry, CBS Publishers and Distributors.
4. Lehninger, A.L., Biochemistry, Worth Publishers Inc.
5. Stryer, L., Biochemistry, W.H. Freeman and Co. San Franscisco.
6. Plumer, D.T., An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, Tata McGraw Hill, NewDelhi.
7. Jayaraman, J., Laboratory manual in Biochemistry, Wiley eastern Ltd., New Delhi.

RGPV / RGTU B PHARMA PY-403 PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS ( THEORY )

RGPV / RGTU B. PHARMACY PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS (THEORY) – PY 403  SYLLABUS

UNIT-I

Fundamentals, Significance of quantitative analysis in quality control, Different techniques of analysis. heoretical considerations and pharmaceutical applications; with special reference toIndian pharmacopoeia; of the following analytical techniques -

Acid-Base titrations: Theoretical principles. Classification, Direct titration of strong acids, Strong bases, and weak bases, Back titrations, Acid –Base indicators, Choice of indicators and mixed indicators. Methods for determination of organically combined Nitrogen and in pharmaceutical applications.

Oxidation-Reduction titrations: Concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions,
strengths & equivalent weighs of oxidizing and reducing agents, redox indicators, potassium permanganate titrations, iodometry & iodometry, 9£dcammonium sulphate titrations, potassium iodate titrations. Pharmaceutical applications, preparation and standardization of redox titrants e.g. sodium thiosulphate etc.

Precipitation titrations: Detection of End Points in Precipitation reactions. Indicators used
in Precipitation titrations, Preparation & standardization of titrants like silver nitrate,
ammonium thiocyanate; titrations according to Mohr's and Volhard's methods;
ammonium and potassium thiocyanate titrations; indicators; applications in
pharmaceutical analysis.

UNIT-II  

Gravimetric analysis:Fundamentals of gravimetry, Precipitation reagents precipitation techniques, Specific examples of gravimetric estimation like Aluminum as hydroxy quinolate, Barium on Barium Sulfate, Lead as Chromate and Magnesium as Magnesium
Pyrophosphate.

UNIT-III  

Non-aqueous titrations:Scopes and limitations,Solvents used in non aqueous titrations. Acid-base equilibria in non-aqueous media, Titration of weak acids and weak bases with specific examples given in Indian Pharmacopoeia.

Complexometric titrations:Theory of Complexometric analysis. Factor in influencing stability of complexes. pM indicators. Types of Disodium edetate titrations with suitable examples. 

UNIT-III 

Conductometry:Ohm’s law and ionic conductivities, Apparatus used for conductimetric titrations.Application of conductimetry in acid-base,Precipitation and complexome trictitrations with suitable examples. 

UNIT-IV

Potentiometry:Theory and principles, Reference electrodes, Indicators electrodes and Ion
selective electrodes. Instrumentation for potentiometric titrations. Application of
potentiometry for end point determination in acid-base titration, redox titrations,
precipitation titrations with suitable examples 

UNIT-V

Polarography & Amperometry: Introduction, theoretical principles, organic polarography,
dropping mercury electrode, basic principles of polarographic instruments, methods of
analysis, experiments including amperometric titrations. Miscellaneous methods of analysis like diazotization titrations and Karl-fisher titrations.

List of Practicals:
A total of 15 experiments should be performed on the topics mentioned below
1. Acid base titrations: Preparation and standardization of acids and bases, some exercises related to the determination of acids and bases separately and in mixture form. Some official assay procedures of boric acid, ascorbic acid shall also be covered.
2. Oxidation-reduction titration: Preparation and standardization of some redox titrants, e.g., potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, iodine, sodium thiosulphate etc. Some exercises related to the determination of oxidizing and reducing agents in the sample shall be covered. Exercises involving use of potassium iodate, potassium bromate, ceric ammonium sulphate shall be performed.
3. Precipitation titrations: Preparation and standardization of titrants like silver nitrate and ammonium thiocyanate, titrations according to Mohr's and Volhard's methods.
4. Gravimetric analysis: Determination of water of hydration, some exercises related to Gravimetric estimation of metal ions such as barium, magnesium and calcium shall he covered.
5. Diazotization reaction: Assay of sulphonamides.
6. Complexometric titration: Any two official assays done by this method.
7. Non-aqueous titrations: preparation and standardization of some non aqueous titrants,
e.g., Perchloric acid, tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide. Any two official assay given in Pharmacopoeia of India.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. A.H. Beckett and J.B. Stenlake: Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol I and II, CBS
Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, India
2. H. H. Willard, L. L. Merritt and J. A. Dean: Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Van Nostrand Reinbold, New York.
3. L.M. Atherden: Bentley and Driver's Text book of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Oxford UniversityPress, Delhi.
4. G.L. Jenldns, J.E. Christian, G.P. Hager: Quantitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry, McGrawHill, Company, New York.
5. Pharmacopoeia of India, Govt. of India, Ministry of Health, Delhi.
6. Bassett, R.C. Denney, G.H. Jeffery, J. Mendham: Vogel's Textbook of quantitative Inorganic Analysis, The ELBS and Longman, London

RGPV / RGTU B PHARMA PY-402 PHARMACEUTICS-V ( DOSAGE FORM DESIGN )

RGPV / RGTU B. PHARMACY PHARMACEUTICS V(DOSAGE FORM DESIGN) – PY 402 SYLLABUS

UNIT-I

Pharmaceutical preformulation: - Definition and scope, Establishment and importance of following physicochemical parameters :Solubility, pKa and selection of suitable salt, partition coefficient, dissolution, polymorphism, microscopy and powder properties, stability and drug-excipient compatibility Pharmaceutical factors influencing drug formulation.

UNIT-II

Study of different types of formulation additives: Diluents, Binders, Disintegrating agents, Lubricants, Solvents, Co-solvents and Vehicles, Preservatives, Suspending agents, Emulsifying agents, Antioxidants, Preservatives, colouring, flavoring and sweetning agents, Viscosity enhancers, ointment and suppositories bases.

UNIT-III
Polymers and biodegradable polymers: Classification, Methods of synthesis, Properties, Characterization and evaluation. Brief introduction of biodegradable polymers, pharmaceutical applications of polymers..
Dissolution stability and degradation study: Chemical stability, pathways of degradation, physical and phase transformation, stability testing protocols for various pharmaceutical dosage forms, determination of expiry date (shelf life) and overage calculations, stabilization of pharmaceutical formulations.

UNIT-IV
Drug product design:Stages of drug discovery and development process, Importance of product design, considerations.

UNIT-V
Dissolution technology: Theories of dissolution, factors affecting dissolution, design of various dissolutionapparatus, dissolution media, dissolution testing of different types of dosage
formulations, data interpretation, mathematical models for predication of dissolution of profile.

List of practicals:

A minimum total of 10 experiments should be performed .
1. Establish the following preformulation parameters of the given drug sample.
(a) Melting point                (b) solubility
(c) intrinsic solubility         (d) pKa              (e) Partition coefficient
2. Establish the following preformulation parameters of the given drug sample.
(a) Particle size distribution      (b) Flow proportion
(c) Bulk deurity             (d) Carr’s index         (e) Compression preparation.
3. Study the drug excipient compatibility of given drug with commonly used excipent by TLC technique.
4. Estimate the self life of the given drug
5. Study the effect of mesture content on chemical stability of aspirin.
6. Study the effect of temperation on stability of given photosensitive drug.
7. Determine the molecular Mass of given polymer by viscometer.
8. Perform the in-vitro dissolution study of given the sample of tablet.
9. Study the effect of presence of surfactant in dissolution of tablet cantoning poorly soluble drug.
10. Study the effect of solvent / co-solvent hydrotropic agents on solubility of given drug.
11. Study the effect of pH of dissolution on in-vitro dissuasion study.
12. Compare the dissolution profile of two marketed tablet products.

Reference Books:

1. Swarbrick J., Boylan J.C., Encydopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, Second edition, Volume-1,2,3, Marcel Dekker, Inc. Newyork.
2. Qice yihong, ChenY, Zhang G.G.Z., Developing solid Oral dosage forms- Pharmaceutical Theory and Practice charon Tech Ltd.
3. Allen L.V., Popovich N.G., Ansel H.C., Ansel’s Pharmaceutics design and drug delivery systems, Eight edition, B.I. Publication Pvt. Ltd.
4. Aulton M.E. Pharmaceutics-The science of dosage form design” second edition.,Churchill Livingstone Pvt. Ltd.
5. Banker G.S., Rhodes C.T., Modern Pharmaceutics” second edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc., Newyork.
6. Kanig J.J., Liebermen H.A., Lachman L. “The theory and Practics of Industrial Pharmacy, Varghese Publishing House, Bombay.
7. Rowe RC, Sheskey P.J., Owen S.C., Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipents, Fifth edition, Pharmaceutical Pr.
8. Bugay D.E., Findlay W.P., Pharmaceutical Excipents, Marcel Dekker, Inc. Newyork.
9. Kim C.J., Advanced Pharmaceutics- Physiochemical Principle CRC Press, Florida.
10. Jan N.K.,Pharmaceutical Product Development,CBS Publishers and distributors, NewDelhi.
11.Shah D.H., “SOP Guidelines”, Business Horizons Publishers, New Delhi.
12. Wachter A.H., Nash R.A., “Pharmaceutical Process validation, Marcel Dekker, Inc. Newyork.
13. Mazzo D.J., “International stability Testing” Interpha Press, Inc. Illinois.
14. Gibaldi M., Perriner D., “Pharmacokinetics:, Marcel Dekker Newyork.

RGPV / RGTU B PHARMA PY-401 PHARMACEUTICS-IV ( PHARMACEUTICAL ENGG.-II )

RGPV / RGTU B. PHARMACY PHARMACEUTICS  IV (PHARMACEUTICAL ENGG.  II) 

PY 401  SYLLABUS

UNIT-I 

Size Reduction and Size Separation-Definition objectives and significance of size reduction, Factors affecting size reduction, Standard of powders, Sieves and their usage in grading of powders, Laws governing energy and power requirements of a mill,Classification of size reduction machines, Study of various types of mill including ball mill, hammer mill fluid energy mill energy mill etc. Fluid classification methods.

UNIT-II

Evaporation-Basic concepts, Factors affecting evaporation, Types of evaporators, Study
of short tubs evaporators, Forced circulation evaporators and Film evaporators, Single and multiple effect evaporation, Evaporation under reduced pressure, Evaporation capacity, Heat and material balance, Scale formation, Foam and entrainment. 

Distillation- General theory applied to binary mixtures, Boiling point and equilibrium diagrams, Raout’s Law and Henry’s Law, Constant boiling mixtures, Simple, steam and Equilibrium distillations, Rectification, Constructions of rectifying columns. Analysis of rectifying column: McCabe Thiel method and Lewis Sorel method for calculation of number of theoretical plates, Azeotropic and extractive distillations.

UNIT-III 

Drying- Introduction, Theory of drying Rate of drying curves, Classification of dryers, Study of dryers used in pharmaceutical industries, Special drying methods.
Extraction- Principles of solid-liquid and liquid- liquid extraction, Theories of extraction
of drugs, Diffusion battery, Podbielnaik extractor, Continuous counter- current extraction system.
Crystallization-Importance of crystal purity, size, shape, geometry habit forms and types, Solubility curves and calculation of yields, Mier,s supersaturation theory and its limitations, Nucleation and crystal growth, Classification of crystallizers, Principles underlying the design and operation of Tank, Swenson-walker, Krystal and Vacuum crystallizer, Crystallizer employed for producing large crystals, Caking of crystals and its prevention.

UNIT-IV 

Mixing-Theory of mixing,Solid-solid; solid-liquid and liquid-liquid mixers used in pharmaceutical industries.
Filtration and Centrifugation- Theory of filtration, Factors affecting filtration, Filter media, Filter aids, Classification of filters, Industrial filters including Filter press, Rotary filter, Membrane filter etc. Principles of centrifugation, Industrial filters and centrifugation sedimenters.

UNIT-V 

Compaction and Compression- Adhesion and Cohesion of particles, Strength of granules, Factors affecting strength of tablets, Physics of tablet compression. 

Pilot Plant Scale Up Techniques- Concepts of pilot plant, scale up techniques in pharmaceutical industries.

Books recommended

1 Elementary Chemical Engineering - Max S. Peters, Published by McGraw Hill Book
Company, New York, 1954.
2 Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook - Robert H Perry, Green D.W., Maloney O.7th
Edition, 1998, McGraw – Hill Inc., New York.
3 Tutorial Pharmacy by Cooper & Gunn, ed. S.J.Carter, CBS Publishers & Distributors,
Delhi, 6th Edition, 2000.
4. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 5th edition – McCabe, Smith & Harriott,
McGraw – Hill Inc., New York.
5 Pharmaceutical Engineering – K.Sambamurthy, 2002 NAI (P) Ltd., Delhi.
6 Pharmaceutics : The Science of Dosage Form Design - M.E. Aulton.
7 The Theory & Practice of Industrial Pharmacy – Lachman L., Lieberman H.A. &
Kanjig J.L., 3rd edition, 1990 Varghese Publishing House, Bombay.
8 Alfonso G. Remington: The Science & Practice of Pharmacy. Vol.I & II. Lippincott,
Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia.
9 Jani G. K., Pharmaceutics II (Unit Operations), B. S. Shah Prakashan, Ahmedabad.
10 Subramanyam C.V.S., Thimma J, Suresh S.S. et. al., Pharmaceutical Engineering :
Principles and Practice, 2002, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi.
11 Introduction to Chemical Engineering by Walter L. Badger & Julius T. Banchero,
Mcgraw Hill International edition, New Delhi, 1955.
12 Filtration in Pharma. Industry by Theodore H. Meltzer, Marcel Dekker Inc.,
New York, 1987.
13. A. R. Paradkar, Introduction to Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nirali Prakashan, 10
th Ed. 2007.

List of practicals

A minimum total of 12 experiments should be performed .
1. Study the effect of diameter of balls, No. of balls volume of balls or feed amount on the particle size reduction wing ball mill.
2. Calculate the energy requirement (as per Riltinger’s law) for the powder milling.
3. Study the particle size distribution the given sample using standard sieve method.
4. Determine the particle size distribution of a given sample using microscopy.
5. Study the rate of sedimentation of the given sample.
6. Study the effect of suspending agents on the rate of sedimentation of the given sample.
7. Compare the efficiency of different suspending agents on the rate of sedimentation of the given sample.
8. Study the effect of temperature, surface area and viscosity of the liquid on the rate of evaporation.
9. Construct the boiling point diagram for the given mixture of alcohol and water.
10. Separate the constituents of the given a zeotropic mixture by the addition of third agent.
11. Study the rate of drying and determine EMC, CMC and FMC.
12. Study the effect of surface area, material bed thickness, temperature and moisture content on the rate of drying.
13. Compare the efficiency of single stage extraction with multiple stage extraction.
14. Determine the percentage of acetic acid extracted from the mixture of benzene and acetic acid using water as our extracting agent.
15. Prepare mier’s super solubility curve for the given samples.
16. Determine the percentage purity of the given sample using crystallization technique.
17. Determine the mixing index for the mixing of give powders.
18. Determine the effect of surface area,thickness of filter medium, viscosity of  liquid, temperature and filter aid on the rate of filtration.

RGPV / RGTU PY-205 PHYSIOLOGY AND HEALTH EDUCATION SYLLABUS

RGPV / RGTU B. PHARMACYANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY AND HEALTH EDUCATION–PY-205  SYLLABUS

 

 

 Scope of anatomy and physiology and basic terminology used in these subjects.

UNIT-I

Structure of cell, its components and their function

 

UNIT-II
Elementary Tissues of the Human Body: Epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues; their sub-types and characteristics.

 

UNIT-III 

Skeletal System: Structure, composition and functions of skeleton, Classification of joints, Types of movement at joint, disorders of joints.

UNIT-IV

Skeletal Muscles: Their gross anatomy, physiology of muscle contraction, physiological properties of skeletal muscle and their disorders.

UNIT-V

Haemopoietic System : Composition and functions of blood and its elements, their disorders, blood groups and their significance, mechanism of coagulation; disorders of platelets and coagulation.

UNIT-VI

Lymph and lymphatic system: Composition, formation and circulation of lymph, disorders of lymph and lymphatic system. Basic physiology and functions of spleen.

UNIT-VII 

Cardiovascular System: Basic anatomy of the heart, physiology of heart, blood vessels and circulation. Basic understanding of cardiac cycle, heart sounds and electrocardiogram. Blood pressure and its regulation. Brief outline of cardiovascular disorders like; hypertension, hypotension, arteriosclerosis, angina, myocardial infraction, congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias.

 

UNIT-VIII 

Respiratory System: Anatomy of respiratory organs, Functions of respiration, Mechanism and regulation of respiration, Respiratory volumes and vital capacity

UNIT-IX 

Health Education: First aid: emergency treatment of shock, snake bites, burns, poisoning, fractures and resuscitation methods.

LIST OF PRACTICALS:

(Student should perform all the following experiments)

1. Determine RBC count of the given blood sample
2. Determine WBC count of the given blood sample
3. Determine differential WBC count of the given blood sample
4. Determine platelets count of the given blood sample
5. Determine hemoglobin count of the given blood sample
6. Determine clotting time of the given blood sample.
7. Determine erythrocyte sedimentation rate of the given blood sample
8. Osmotic fragility of the blood.
9. Determine blood group.
10. Study of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue using slide.
11. Study human skeletal system with the help of chart, model and histological slides.
12. STUDY of human cardiovascular system with the help of chart, model and histological slides.
13. Record of blood pressure.
14. To understand ECG, PQRST waves and their signifance.
15. Study of human respiratory system with the help of chart, model and histological slides.
16. Study of lymphatic system with the help of chart, model and histological slides.

 

RGPV / RGTU PY-204 PHARMACOGNOSY-I SYLLABUS

RGPV / RGTU B. PHARMACY PHARMACOGNOSY-I PY-204 SYLLABUS

UNIT-I

Study of following families with spatial reference to medicinally important plants; apocyanaceae, solanoceae, graminae, labiatae, cruciferae, papaveraceae,umbelifereae, leguminosae, rubiaceae and liliaceae.

UNIT-II 

Definition, history, scope and development of Pharmacognosy. Scheme for pharmacognostical study of crude drug. Sources of crude drugs and methods of their classification. Traditional and alternative systems of medicines.

UNIT-III

Cultivation collection, drying, natural drying, artificial drying, processing and storage of crude drugs. Factors affecting cultivation of medicinal plants like climate, altitude, temperature, humidity, rainfall, soils, fertilizers and mannures.

UNIT-IV  

Pest control and natural pest control agents. Methods of pest control like mechanical, agricultural, biological chemical etc.

UNIT-V 

Quality Control of Crude Drugs: Different types of Adulteration and their evaluation using various methods like Organoleptic, Microscopic, Physical, Chemical, and Biological, Quantitative microscopy.

UNIT-VI

General methods of their isolation, classification, properties and systematic pharmacognostic study of –
a. Carbohydrates, and drugs belonging to this class like; Agar, Gaur gum, Acacia, Ghatti gum Honey, Isapgol, Starch, Sterculia, Tragacanth, Bael, Pectin,
b. Fixed oil, fats and waxes and drugs belonging to this class likes; Castor oil, Olive oil Linseed oil, Karanj Oil, Neem Oil, Beeswax, Cocoa butter, Hydnocarpus oil, Kokum butter, Cod-liver oil, Shark liver oil, Woolfat, Lard, Yellow bees wax, Carnauba wax
c. Resins and resin combinations and drugs belonging to this class like; Podophyllum, Tolu & Peru balsam, Turmeric, Ginger, Ipomoea, Myroballan, Asafoetida, Benzoin, colophonoy. Capsicum, Canabis, Myrrh, Guggul, Kaladana,
d. Tannins and drugs belonging to this class like Myrobalan, Bahera, Arjuna bark, Ashoka bark, Amla, black & Pale catechu.
e. Fibres: Plant fibres, Animal fibre, Synthetic fibres, Minral fibre. Flax, Cotton, Silk, Wool.
f. Pharmaceutical aids like; Talc, Kaolin, Bentonite, Gelatin, Klesalghur, Asbestose.

LIST OF PRACTICALS:
(Student should perform Minimum fifteen experiments from following)
1. Study of different types of microscopes, camara lucida.
2. Morphological identification of following drugs Bael, Capsicum, Kaladana, catechu, guggul, honey.
3. Morphological identification of following drugs Arjuna bark, ashoka bark. Amla. Ghatugum and Bahera
4. Perform the morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation “Ginger”.
5. Perform morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation of “Turmeric”.
6. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of “Myroballan”.
7. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of “Agar and Acacia”.
8. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of “Tragacanth”.
9. Perform morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation of “Isapgol”.
10. Perform morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation of “Starches obtain from potato, rice, maize and wheat”.
11. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of “Asafoetida”.
12. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of “Castor oil, linseed oil, olive oil, cod-liver
oil”.
13. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of neem oil, coca butter and wool fat.
14. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of lard, bees wax and carnauba.
15. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of “Bees wax”.
16. Perform morphological and chemical evaluation of “Benzoin”.
17. Perform morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation of “nylon, Silk and Cotton”.
18. Perform morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation of “Talc and Podophyllum”.
19. Perform morphological, microscopic and chemical evaluation of “Peru and Tolu Balsam”.
20. Identify the given mixture/sample of powder drugs by morphological microscopical and chemical evaluation.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Text Book of Pharmacognosy – C.S.Shah & J.S.Quadry
2. Text Book of Pharmacognosy – T.E. Wallis
3. Pharmacognosy – Trease & Evans
4. Pharmacognosy – Brady & Taylor
5. Text Book of Pharmacognosy – V.K. Kapoor & S.S.Handa
6. Pharmacognosy – C.K.Kokate, A.P.Purohit, S.B.Gokhale.

RGPV / RGTU PY-203 PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-III ( ORGANIC-I ) SYLLABUS

RGPV / RGTU B. PHARMACY PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-III PY-203 (ORGANIC-I) SYLLABUS

UNIT-I

Structure and Properties: Electronegativity, Polarity, Resonance;Electrophiles/Nucleophiles, Orbitals, π-Bonds, Hybridization and Shape, Isomerism, Polarity, Intermolecular Forces, isotope effects and isotopic labelling.

UNIT-II
Reactive Intermediates: Stability and reactivity of Radicals, Cations, Anions, Nitrene and Nitrenium ion

UNIT-III

Stereochemistry: Stereo-isomerism, classification and Nomenclature, Optical activity, Chirality, R/S Classification of Chiral Carbons. Miscellaneous Stereochemistry, Diastereomers; Racimic modification, Resolution of racimic mixtures.

UNIT IV
Hydrocarbons: Alkanes and cycloalkanes:Nomenclature, Physical and chemical properties of alkanes, Conformations and Stability of Acyclic Alkanes and Cycloalkanes. Alkenes and alkynes: Nomenclature, Physical and Chemical properties of alkenes, isomerism, and general methods of preparation.Aromatic hydrocarbons:Benzene and its homologues (Polynuclear compounds),nomenclature, sources of aromatic hydrocarbons, structure of benzene, chemical reaction of benzyne-mechanism and SNAr Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution. Directive influence of substituents and their effect on reactivity. Dienes and the Allyl system: Conjugation, Reactivity.

UNIT-V

Organic compounds with functional groups containing halogens (X): Nomenclature, Structure, Properties, Reactivity of Alkyl Halides (haloalkanes and haloarenes): The SN2 and SN1 Substitution Reaction, The E1 and E2 Elimination Reactions, Substitution vs. Elimination reaction, reactivity of C-X bond in haloalkanes and haloarenes

UNIT VI
Organic compounds with functional groups containing oxygen (Part I-): Alcohols: Nomenclature, Synthesis, reactivity of different Alcohols; conversion of Alcohols to Tosylates or Halides.Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; chemical reactivity of phenols in electrophilic substitutions, acidic nature of phenol. Ethers: electronic structure, structure of functional group, nomenclature,important methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, some commercially important compounds.

UNIT-VII

Organic compounds with functional groups containing oxygen (Part II): Aldehydes and ketones : Electronic structure of carbonyl group, nomenclature, important methods of preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions, relative reactivity of aldehydic and ketonic groups, aldol condensation. nucleophilic addition reaction to >C=O groups.
Carboxylic acids: Electronic structure of -COOH, Nomenclature, important methods of preparation, physical properties and effect of substituents on α-carbon on acid strength, chemical reactions.Derivatives of carboxylic acids: Electronic structure of acid chloride, acid anhydride, ester and amide groups, Nomenclature, important methods of preparation, comparative reactivity of acid derivatives.

UNIT-VIII
Organic Compounds with functional group containing Nitrogen: Structure, Nomenclature of Amino and Diazo Compounds.Amines: Primary, secondary and tertiary amines, a general awareness, important methods of preparation, physical properties, basic character of amines, chemical reactions.Diazonium salts:Preparation, chemical reaction and uses of Benzene diazonium chloride. Some commercially important nitrogen containing carbon compounds(Aniline, TNT)

LIST OF PRACTICALS:
1. Purify the given organic compounds by distillation.
2. Purify the given organic compounds by recrystillazation.
3. Introduction to the use of stereo models.
4.Synthesis, Purification, Characterization (by using Solubility, Melting Point,T.L.C. and percentage purity) of organic compounds and percent yield calculations of the following compounds:
a) 2, 4, 6-trinitro phenol (Picric acid) from phenol
b) Iodoform from ethyl alcohol
c) 2, 4, 6-tribromoaniline from aniline
d) 2, 4, 6-tribromo phenol from phenol
e) Phenylbutazone from phenol
f) Benzanilide from aniline
g) Phthalidimide from phthalic anhydride
h) Thiourea
i) Phenyl urea
j) Flourescein
k) Methly orange
l) Methly red

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Organic Chemistry, R.T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, 6th Edition, New York.
2. Organic Chemistry, T.W.G. Solomons, 8th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc
3. Advanced Organic Chemistry, J. March, Reaction Mechanisms and Structure, John Wiley and Sons, N.Y.
4. Mechanisms and structure in Organic Chemistry, E.S. Gould, Hold Rinchart and Winston, New York.
5. Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reaction Mechanisms, Bernard Miller, 2nd edition, Pearson education Ptc. Ltd. Singapore.
6. Named Organic Reactions, Thomas Lane & Andreas Plagens, 2nd edition, John Wiley and Sons, N.Y).
7. Organic Chemistry Finar Vol-1 & 2.
8. Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Ingold, C. K., Cornell University.
9. Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, Eliel, E.L., McGraw Hill, New York.
10. Elements of Stereochemistry, Eliel, E.L., Wiley, New York.

RGPV / RGTU PY-202 PHARMACEUTICS-II ( PHYSICAL PHARMACY ) SYLLABUS

RGPV / RGTU B. PHARMACY PHARMACEUTICS-II(PHYSICAL PHARMACY ) PY-202  SYLLABUS

UNIT-I

Micromeritics and Powder Rheology: Introduction, Particle size and size distribution: Average particle size, particle size distribution, number and weight distribution, particle number; Methods for determination particle size: optical microscopy, sieving, sedimentation; introduction to latest technique in particle analysis Particle volume measurement; Particle shape and surface area: particle shape, specific surface; Methods for determining surface area: adsorption method, air permeability method, pore size; Derived properties of powders: Porosity,
packing arrangement, densities of powder, bulkiness and flow properties, Compaction: Compressed tablet, Pharmaceutical application.
UNIT-II
Solubility and Distribution Phenomenon: General principles: the phase rule, solubility expressions; Solvent-solute interaction: polar solvents, non polar solvents, semipolar solvents; Solubility of gases in liquids: Effect of pressure, temperature, salting out, effect of chemical reaction; Solubility of liquids in
liquids: Ideal and real solution, complete miscibility, partial miscibility, influence of foreign substance, three component systems, dielectric constant and solubility, molecular connectivity, molecular surface are and solubility; Solubility of solids in liquids: Ideal solutions, Phase diagrams and the ideal solubility equation,non-ideal solution, extended Hildebrand solubility approach, salvation and association in solutions of polar compounds, solubility and the heat of solution, solubility of strong electrolytes, solubility of slightly soluble electrolytes, solubility of weak electrolyte, the influence of solvents on the solubility of drugs, combined effect of pH and solvents, influence of surfactants; influence of hydrotropic agents on solubility of drugs. Distribution of solutes between immiscible solvents.
UNIT-III
Surface and Interfacial Phenomenon: Liquid interfaces: surface and interfacial tensions, surface free energy. Measurement of surface and interfacial tensions: Capillary rise method, The DuNouy Ring Method. Adsorption at liquid interfaces: surface active agents, Systems of Hydrophile - Lipofile classification, Type of mono-layers at liquid interfaces. Adsorption at solid interface, the solid-gas interface, the solid-liquid interface, Activated Charcoal, Wetting, Application of surface-active agents, Electric properties of interfaces.
  
UNIT-IV
Diffusion and Dissolution: Concept of diffusion, Study state diffusion: Fick’s first law, Fick’s second law, study state, Procedure and apparatus. Dissolution: dissolution rate, dissolution of tablets, capsules and granules, Powder Dissolution: The Hixson-Crowell cube Root Law. Drug release: Drugs in polymer matrices, release from granular matrices, multilayer diffusion, membrane control and diffusion layer control phenomenon, diffusion principle in biological system.
UNIT-V
Viscosity and Rheology: Newtonian Systems: Newton’s Law of flow; kinematics viscosity; Temperature dependence and theory of viscosity. Non-Newtonian Systems: plastic flow, pseudoplastic and dilatant flow. Thixotropy: measurement thixotropy, Bulges and spurs, Negative thixotropy, Thixotropy in formulations. Determination of Rheologic properties: choice of viscometer, Capillary viscometer, Falling sphere viscometer, Cup and bob viscometer, Cone and plate Viscometer, Pharmaceutical application of Rheology.
UNIT-VI
Complexation and protein binding: Classification of complexes, methods of preparation and analysis, Pharmaceutical applications. Protien binding: Binding equilibria, equilibrium dialysis and ultrafilration, dyanamic dialysis, hydrophobic interaction, self-association, factors affecting complexation and protein binding.
UNIT-VII
Buffered and isotonic solutions: The buffer equation: Common Ion Effect and the Buffer Equation for a weak Acid and its slat, The buffer equation for a weak base and its salt. Factors influencing the pH of buffer solutions. Buffer capacity: Calculation of buffer capacity. Buffer in pharmaceutical systems and biologic system: In vivo biologic buffer systems, Pharmaceutical buffers, influence of buffer capacity and pH on Tissue Irritation, pH and Solubility. Buffered isotonic solutions: Measurement of tonicity, tonicity calculations, Methods of adjusting
isotonicity and pH.
UNIT-VIII
Colloids: Introduction to the dispersed System, Types of colloidal systems, Optical properties of the colloids, kinetic properties of the colloids, electrical properties of the colloids, Solubilization, Pharmaceutical application of the colloids, advanced thermodynamics of Micellization.
UNIT-IX
Coarse Dispersion: Suspension: Interfacial properties of suspended particles, Settling in suspensions: theory of sedimentation, effect of Brownian Movement, Sedimentation of flocculated particles, Sedimentation parameters. Formulation of suspensions: Wetting of particles, Controlled flocculation, Flocculation in Structured Vehicles, Rheologic consideration, Preparation of suspensions, Physical stability of suspensions. Emulsions: Emulsion types, Pharmaceutical applications, Theories of emulsification, Physical stability of emulsions,
Preservation of emulsions, Rheologic properties of emulsions. Semi-solids: Gels, Syneresis and swelling, Classification of Pharmaceutical semisolids, Hydrophilic properties of Semisolids, Rheologic properties of semisolids, Universe of Topical Medications. Drug Kinetics in Coarse disperse system, Drug Diffusion in Coarse Disperse Systems.

LIST OF PRACTICALS:
(Minimum fifteen experiments should be performed in the semester. Student should aware with safety parameters and handling of chemicals related to following experiments)
1. Determine the particle size and particle size distribution in the given sample of powder by optical microscopy.
2. Determine particle size distribution of the given granules by sieving method.
3. Determine the following derived properties of the given powdered sample
(a) Flow property      (b) Bulk density     (c) Granule density
(d) True density        (e) Porosity            (f) Carr’s Index
(g) hussnor’s retio
4. Determine the surface tension of the given sample by drop count and drop weight Method.
5. Determine the Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) of the given surfactant by Surface tension method.
6. Determine partition coefficient of the given drug between benzene and water or octanol and water system
7. Plot phase diagram of phenol-water system
8. Determine the effect of salt on the solubility of given drug.
9. Determine the percent composition of an unknown solution of glycerin in water using Ostwald’s viscometer
10. Study the effect of shear rate on the flow of 1% methyl cellulose solution.
11. Formulate suspension of the given drug and evaluate it for sedimentation parameters.
12. Study the effect of thickening agent concentration on the sedimentation of the suspension of the given drug.
13. Prepare acetate buffer and compare theoretical pH value with the experimental value.
14. Determine the viscosity of the following Newtonian and Non-Newtonian system
(a) Water                     (b) Simple syrup I.P.
(c) Diclofenac gel       (d) Tooth paste
15. Determine the HLB value of the given surfactant
16. Evaluate the given sample of emulsion on the following parameters
(a) Type of emulsion (b) Globule size distribution
(c) Physical stability (d) Viscosity
17. Determine the optimum concentration of Bentonite required for the maximum physical stability of calamine lotion.
18. To observe the effect of hydrotropic agent sodium citrate on the solubility of salicylic acid.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Lachman, L., Lieberman, H.A. and Kanig, J.L.,The Theory and Pratice of Industrial Pharmacy, Lea and Philadelphia.
2. Allen, L.V., Popovich, N.G., Ansel, H.C., Ansel’s Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
3. Banker G.S. and Rhode C.T., Modern Pharmaceutics, Marcell Decker Inc., New York.
4. Aulton, M.E., Pharmaceutics The Science of Dosage Form Design, Churchill Livingstone, London.
5. Carter, S.J., Cooper and Gunn’s Tutorial Pharmacy, CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.
6. Martin A., Physical Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
7. Gennaro, A.R., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.